Naringin, as the main flavonoid compound in citrus plants (e.g. grapefruit, lime), is characterized by multi-targets and multi-pathways in its pharmacological mechanism of action, and the following introduces you to its core mechanism from molecular to cellular level:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Antioxidant mechanism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Free radical scavenging<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phenolic hydroxyl effect: naringenin’s A and B rings are rich in phenolic hydroxyl, which can directly neutralize DPPH, ABTS+ and other free radicals and terminate the chain reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Enzyme system regulation: activate superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), enhance the cell’s own antioxidant capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Metal chelation: inhibit Fe\u00b2\u207a\/Cu\u00b2\u207a-induced Fenton reaction, reduce hydroxyl radical (-OH) generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Oxidative stress modulation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inhibits the generation of lipid peroxidation products (e.g. MDA) and protects cell membrane integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Up-regulates nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and promotes the synthesis of antioxidant proteins (e.g. heme oxygenase-1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Anti-inflammatory mechanism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inflammatory signaling blockade<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NF-\u03baB pathway: inhibit I\u03baB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, reduce p65 nuclear translocation, and down-regulate transcription of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
MAPK pathway: block ERK1\/2. p38 phosphorylation, inhibit inflammatory cascade response.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inflammatory mediator regulation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inhibit the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and reduce the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), NO and other inflammatory substances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Promote the release of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 to restore the pro-inflammatory\/anti-inflammatory balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Regulation of lipid metabolism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lowering cholesterol<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity, reduce cholesterol synthesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Promote cholesterol transportation to liver for metabolism, increase HDL-C ratio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Anti-Atherosclerosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced foam cell formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reduces vascular endothelial damage and lowers the risk of atherosclerosis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. Neuroprotection and Improvement of Cognitive Mechanisms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antioxidant defense<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reduce \u03b2-amyloid (A\u03b2)-induced oxidative damage to neurons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Protect mitochondrial function, maintain ATP synthesis and support cellular metabolism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Synaptic plasticity<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Enhances the expression of synapse-associated proteins (e.g. Synapsin I) in the hippocampus to improve learning and memory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inhibit the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, delaying the progression of Parkinson’s disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5. Other Mechanisms of Action<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Regulate blood pressure: Promote nitric oxide (NO) production, dilate blood vessels, reduce peripheral resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Protecting the liver: reducing hepatocellular damage and promoting hepatocellular regeneration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antibacterial and antiviral: inhibit bacterial and viral replication, protect animals from pathogens.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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